黑料天堂

Deep Learning Opens New Possibilities in Parkinson's Treatment

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Posted on March 26, 2021

Thomas Becnel

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For Dr. Mohamed Shaban, an assistant professor of electrical engineering at the 黑料天堂, deep learning computer analysis offers a powerful tool in using electroencephalography for the early detection of Parkinson鈥檚 disease.

It鈥檚 a new way of looking at an old test.

Shaban鈥檚 research focuses on brain waves 鈥� the familiar squiggly lines of an EEG 鈥� which have been used to study neural activity for more than half a century. The latest computer-aided research techniques help reveal clues such as 鈥渟ynchrony,鈥� an excessive synchronization of waves that indicates the cognitive impairment of a brain disorder.

鈥淒eep learning and machine learning extract features that really can鈥檛 be detected with the eye,鈥� he said. 鈥淭hey can be simple, they can be complicated, they can be combinations of many features, which you reach through different layers of analysis. Artificial Intelligence will do that for you.鈥�

In May, Shaban will present a paper at the 10th International EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering. Using an artificial neural network, he was able to classify subjects in Parkinson鈥檚 disease categories with an accuracy rate of 98 percent.

鈥淣obody has reached that before,鈥� he said. 鈥淭he EEG has not been a well-known modality, but now we鈥檙e seeing something.鈥�

Parkinson鈥檚 disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the United States, after Alzheimer鈥檚. Symptoms include hand tremors, slowness of movement and changes in speech and handwriting, along with depression, anxiety, sleep and emotional problems. Nearly 1 million Americans live with these disorders, according to the Parkinson鈥檚 Foundation, and 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with the disease every year. The cause of Parkinson鈥檚 disease remains unknown, but both inherited and environmental factors are believed to play a role. There is no cure, though symptoms may be treatable.

Cognitive decline is an early feature of Parkinson鈥檚, with studies suggesting that most patients exhibit sub-clinical impairment at the time of diagnosis. Cognitive function continues to decline with disease progression, resulting in dementia for more than 80 percent of patients. 

鈥淚t鈥檚 very important to have an early clinical diagnosis,鈥� Shaban said. 鈥淵ou can start therapeutic treatments that slow down the neurodegenerative process.鈥�

EEG scans are inexpensive and noninvasive tests that use a sensor array placed on the scalp of a patient. Electrodes measure the electrical activity of the brain over time. Beta and gamma waves are related to memory and cognition.

These tests have not been used much in the diagnosis of Parkinson鈥檚. Shaban hopes to change that.

Getting Started

Mahalia Polk, a graduate student in electrical engineering, joined Shaban on the deep learning project in the fall of 2020. Neither of them had worked with EEG test results.

鈥淕etting started, it felt overwhelming to look at these huge datasets,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t was interesting and frustrating to take that first step.鈥�

She worked with a mathematical programming site called MATLAB to create a time-series representation of data from the wave information of EEG scans. In her office cubicle in Shelby Hall, she still has a yellow Post-it Note with tips for the 鈥淏est Patterns鈥� to perform a function called CGB 鈥� conjugate gradient backpropogation.

Polk has been interested in engineering since she was a teenager being home-schooled in Mobile. Her grandfather was a pipefitter who helped build power plants. Her father is a travel nurse.

Her goal is to combine engineering with medical research, and that鈥檚 exactly what she鈥檚 doing with Shaban. 

鈥淚 like the idea of being able to help people like my dad does as a nurse,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 can鈥檛 think of more impactful career than one that involves catching diseases early so they can be treated better.鈥�

Artificial Intelligence at 黑料天堂

Shaban is a native of Egypt, where his mother is a biologist and his father is a mechanical engineer. Ten years ago, they supported his decision to earn a Ph.D. in the United States.

After six months, he had second thoughts.

鈥淚 was very homesick,鈥� Shaban said. 鈥淚 was the first generation to come to a new country with a new language.鈥�

Things got better. He and his wife became more comfortable. In 2019, he joined the faculty at the 黑料天堂.

Shaban had used deep learning to study diabetic retinopathy, a complication of the blood sugar disorder. He brought some of the same computer-aided techniques to the study of EEG scans and Parkinson鈥檚 Disease.

He has been awarded more than $30,000 in grants from the 黑料天堂eastern Center for Electrical Engineering Education.

Shaban is working with another 黑料天堂 graduate student in genomics, using DNA sequences and mapping for the diagnosis of Parkinson鈥檚 Disease. Deep learning is part of that research, too.

鈥淚鈥檓 working now in two directions, and AI is helpful in both of them,鈥� he said. 鈥淎rtificial intelligence can help with the early diagnosis of Parkinson鈥檚, and it can also be helpful in genomics. We are just getting started in that area, but it鈥檚 very exciting. That might be a future project.鈥�

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